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1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

A^"- 


i. 


Champlain 

NOT  Cartier 


MADE  THE  FIRST  REFERENCE  TO  %. 

NIAGARA  FALLS  IN  LITER  \TURE 


HY 

I'ktkk  a   Fortbr 


\ 


\ 


r 


COPVRIfJHT 

1899 

PKTISR    A.    PORTBR 


T»t  ii«ini  raiH,  NiauM  r«iu,  N   >. 


THE    FIRST    REFERENCE    TO     NIAGARA 
FALLS    IN    LITERATURE  J^  j^  J^  J^  J^  J^  J^ 


nii    statement    that    Jne(|ueH    Cartier,  in     IG.'lfi,   was 
the    first    white    man    to    hear   about    the   Falls  of 
Niagara,  and  to  make  reference  to  them,  has  often 
heen    printed:    and    never,   so    far    as   I   know,  has 
it  been  controverted. 

Curtier,  on  his  second  voyage  to  Canada,  in  that  year, 
ascended  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Hochelaga,  now  Montreal. 

Marc  Lescarbot's  Histoirc  de  la  Nouvelle  France  describes 
Cartier's  voyages.  Thi»  work  was  first  published  in  1001),  at 
Paris,  and  on  page  381  is  found  the  frequently  quoted  reference 
that  has  been  regarded  as  the  first  mention  of  Niagara  Falls  in 
literature. 

The  substance  of  this  reference,  as  given  by  O.  H.  Marshall, 
in  "The  Niagara  Frontier"  is  as  follows: 

"He  [Cartier]  was  told,  that  after  ascend- 
ing many  leagues  among  rapids  and  waterfalls 
he  would  reach  a  lake,  one  hundred  and  fifty 
leagues  long  and  forty  or  fifty  broad,  at  the 
western  extremity  of  which  the  v/aters  were 
wholesome  and  the  winters  mild;  that  a  river 
emptied  into  it  from  the  south,  which  had  its. 
source  in  the  country  of  the  Iroquois;  that 
beyond  this  lake  he  would  find  a  cataract  and  '''^"'^J'/'"'^ 
portage;  then  another  lake  about  equal  to  the 
f«)rn«er,  which  they  had  never  explored ;  and 
still  further  on.  a  sea,  the  western  shores  of" 
which  they  had  never  seen,  nor  had  they  heard 
of  any  one  who  had. 

"  This  is  the  earliest  historical  notice  of  our 
great  Lake  Region." 

This  passage  from  Marshall  has  often  heen  (juoted;  and  all 
the  writers  on  the  history  of  this  Region  have  placed  Cartier's 
name  first  in  the  Bibliography  of  Niagara;  and  have  made  the 
quotation  from  Lescarbot  (given  below  on  page  8)  the  starting 
point  of  Niagara's  printed  history. 


MiirHliall  • 

Ilistoriciil 

writiiiKH 

Allinnv. 

IHH- 

p.  27.^ 

and  a7»l 


Transla- 
tion and 
ItalicR 
nine 


1  hnve,  myself,  used  these  statements  nnrl  have  quoted  them, 
verHying  their  general  accuracy  from  the  reference   to   Lescarliot. 

But  a  careful  reading  of  Lescarl>ot's  hook  shows  clearly  that 
in  this  part  of  his  work  he  is  only  (|uoting  literally  from 
Champlain's  "  Des  Snuvages,"  (which  was  first  published  in  1604, 
fire  years  l)ef«)re  Lescarhot's  book  appeared)  and  that  Lescarbot 
»«i  states  explicitly. 

Lescarbot  makes  three  references  to  Niagara  Falls,  one  on 
page  .'{79,  another  on  page  381,  and  still  another  on  page  383; 
but  each  one  of  the  three  is  a  literal  quotation  from  Champlain's 
"Des  Suuvages";  so  the  descriptions  are  not  Cartier's  at  all. 

Hence  the  date  of  the  first  reference  to  Niagara  must  be 
changed  from  1535  to  H5()4,  and  the  honor  of  lieing  the  first 
white  man  to  tell  anything  whatsover  about  it,  must  be 
transferred  to  Champlnin. 

Here  are  the  proofs  of  this. 

I  have,  and  in  this  article  I  quote  from,  the  original  edition 
of  Lescarbot's  Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle  France  (Paris,  1609). 

I  do  not  possess  a  copy  of  the  original  edition  (F*aris,  1604) 
of  Champlain's  "Des  Sauvages."  Very,  very  few  persons  or 
libraries  do.  So  I  quote  from  the  6-vol.  edition  (Quebec,  1870) 
of  Champlain's  works,  edited  by  the  Abbe  Laverdiere;  "Des 
Sauvages"  being  in  Vol.  II. 

Lescarbot's  work  is  divided  into  three  books. 

Book  two  (Livre  Deuxieme)  has  48  chapters.  The  "Summary 
of  the  Chopters"  of  this  book  reads: 

"In  this  book  are  described  the  voyages 
and  navigations  of  Captain  Jacques  Cartier; 
and  a  voyage  made  by  Jehan  Francois  de  la 
Koque  Sreur  de  Roberval,  under  King  Francois 
I.  is  incidentally  referred  to.  Also  the  most 
recent  discoveries  of  Sieurs  de  Monts  and  de 
Poutrincourt ;  together  with  the  voyages  of 
Sieur  Marquis  de  la  Roche,  and  of  Sieur 
Champlain :  under  the  glorious  reign  of  our 
King,  Henry  IIII." 


Chapter  1,  jj[ivtfs  n  summary  of  Cartier's  two  first  voyages 
to  Canada.  Cluipters  2-5,  inclusive,  give  the  history  of  Cartier's 
first  voyage  (15M+).  Chapters  <»-H,  inclusive,  give  part  of  the 
history  ol  Cartier's  second  voyage  (irj.'l'))  following  Cartier's 
own  description  and  adding  to  it.  Chapters  U-1 1,  inclusive,  give 
part  of  Champluin's  voyage  in  lOOM,  following  his  descriptions 
in  Chapters  1-5V<|  of  his  "  Dc«  Sauvages."  Chapters  ll'-lH, 
inclusive,  give  more  of  Cartier's  1.135  vt)yage,  following  his  own 
description  and  adding  to  it.  Chapters  19-lil,  inclusive,  give 
more  of  Champlain's  1(>(j3  voyage,  (pu)ted  almost  exactly,  from 
middle  of  Chapter  5  to  the  end  of  chapter  ".>,  of  his  "I»cs 
Sauvages."  Chapters  22-27  inclusive,  give  the  hahnncc  of  the 
historj'  of  Cartier's  1535— ♦•  voyage,  following  his  own  description. 
Chapters  2H— t-S,  inclusive,  tell  of  other  French  voyages,  to 
Canada,  etc. 

Cartier's  own  description  of  his  second  voyage  to  Canada, 
(1535-30),  was  published  in  Paris  in  154-5,  under  the  title 

"BRIIvF  KECIT,  &  fuccinolc  narration,  de  la 
nauigation  faic\e  es  yfles  de  Canada,  Hochelage 
&  Sagucnay  &  autres,  auec  |)articulieres  tneurs, 
langaige,  &  cerimonies  dcs  hahitans  d'icclles: 
fort  delectable  a  veoir." 

And  Cartier  therein  has  no  reference  to  Niagara  Falls,  and 
but  a  very  slight  one  to  our  Lake  Region. 

It  is  the  basis  of  Lescarbot's  description  of  Cartier's  second 
voyage  as  above.  It  is  a  little  volume  of  -iH  sheets,  8  vo.,  only 
one  copy  l)eing  known  to  exist.  It  was  reprinted,  page  tor  page, 
in  Paris,  in  1H<>3,  by  Tross. 

^I.  D'Avezac  in  his  introduction  to  that  reprint,  referring  to 
the  original  edition  of  Cartier's  book,  says: 

"No  one  knows  of  any  other  publication 
of  it  excepting  Lescarbot  in  his  '  History  of 
New  France'  (Book  III.  chapters  5-H,  12-1,S 
and  22-27),  where  Cartier's  voyage  is  pieced 
out  by  find  intermingled   with,  non-consecutive  > 

fragments  of  Champlain's  voyage." 

NoTB — In  the  nbove  qncitation  Book  III.  should  have  reud  Book  II.     There  are     Note 
only  26  chaiiters  in  Book  III.      The  context  proves  that  D'Aveiac  meant  Book  II.    mine 


I'ajjcXVI. 


Transla- 
tion 
mine 


Lcacnrhot    cd.  KUM),  Chnp.    XIX..  Hook    II.,  on   pAKe  M65,  i« 
entitled : 


Tranaln- 
tlon  niinr 


Ut'OTA- 

Tlo.N  No.  1 


"  Vi}yaffc  (!u  Sieur  Chuplein  dcptiin  h  I'nrt 
de  Suincte  Croix  jtififiics  uu  Smit  de  la  ffrnnde 
riviere,  oti  font  renmrqtices  leit  rivieres,  iles,  <% 
fuitres  chafes  (/u'il  n  dccouvertes  audit  vnya^je : 
ct  ftartictdierement  la  riviere,  *  le  peiiple,  tt  le 
pals  des  Ir<>(|U()iH." 

And  on  pHge  H(i(>  in  nitid  Chnpter  Li*Hi-arr)ot  Hays: 

"Still  in  a  voyage  of  some  2(M)  lengueH 
between  St.  Croix  and  the  above  mentioned 
fall,  the  said  LaSalle  has  noticed  some  things 
which  Cartier  has  not  observed.  Let  us 
therefore  hear  what  he  [Champlain]  says  about 
his   voyage." 

Without  noting  the  quotaticm  which  follows,  word  for  word, 
(for  it  is  very  long,  occupying  Chapters  XIX.,  XX.  and  XXI.  of 
Lescarbot's  book,  and  there  are  some  slight  changes  in  the 
spelling  and  orthography,  and  one  or  two  short  abridgments 
and  additions),  let  me  say  that  Lescarbot's  Histoire  dc  la  Nouvelle 
France.  1G09  ed.,  from  the  middle  of  page  360,  in  Chapter  XIX., 
near  the  beginning  thereof,  to  the  end  of  Chapter  XXI.,  «)n  page 
385,  is  an  almost  exact  copy  of  Chaniplain's  "Des  Sauvages," 
from  top  o'  page  28  in  Chapter  VI..  to  end  of  Chapter  IX.  on 
page  48,  ed.  1870,  Vol.  II.;  as  per  Lescarbot's  intention,  expressed 
above,  to  quote  him.  But  I  quote  the  three  references  in  Chapters 
XX.  and  XXI.  of  Book  II.,  in  Lescarbot,  that  refer  to  Niagara 
Falls,  and  seriatim  1  compare  each  one  with  Champlain's  "  Des 
Sauvages,"  showing  them  to  be  mere  quotations  therefrom. 

In  Chapter  XX.,  on  page  379,  Lescarbot,  in  narrating  what 
"the  savages  who  were  with  us  told  us,"  says: 


Niagara 
Falls 


Lme 


Saut 


"  Et  puis  ils  vienncnt  dedans  vn  lac  quipeut 
tenir  quelques  (piatrc-vingts  lieues  de  long,  ou 
il  y  a  quantitc  d'iles,  &  qu'au  Vjout  d'icelui 
I'eaii  y  eft  falubre,  &  I'hiver  doux.  A  la  fin 
dudit    lac   ilz    pafl'ent    vn    faut,  qui  eft  quelque 


pt'U  t'levc,  nil  il  y  a  pcii  «ri'nu.  Imiuflli'    Icronul: 
lA  ilz  portent  Icmth  <.-an<>ts  par  terrc  vim  iron  vn 
(|iiart  tie  lifMir  pour  paiVcr  IT  fatit      Do  I A  cut  r>  lit 
flans     vn     a  itrc    la^,-    (pii     pt-ut     tcnir    (,iifl(|iu>H  i.ac 
foixante  lioiicH  «lc  lonj,'.  &  tpic  I'caii  t-n    .-ft   furt 
falulirc:   vttans  h  la  fin  IIh  vienncnt  A  vn  di'tr  >it  Dftmit 
qui  coiiticnt   deux    licucs   di-    larjjc.   ik.    \i\    alfcz 
nvant  dans  Ics    torres:    (pi'ilz    n'avoicni     (loint 
pafle   plus  outrt'  .  vS:    n'avoicnt  vtu   la    tin   d'vn  /wu /« 
lac  qui  eft  a  quclipifs  (piinzo  ou  foize  liei  cs  d'ou  ""' 
ils  ont    eftc,    ni   rpic  ccux   (|ui   Ic'ur  avincnt  dit 
cuflent  veu  homnu-  (|ui  I'euf't  veu." 

Now  compare  with  the  above  Chainplain's  '  Des  Salivates." 
in  Chapter  VIII..  Vol.  II.,  page  +2.  where  he  t  .-lis  "what  two 
pavaj^es  who  were  with  us  related." 

"Kt  puis  ils  vieniient  dedans  vn  lae  (|iii  peat  i,i- lac 
tcnir    (piel(|ues    80.  lieues    de    long,    ou    il    y    a  """"■'" 
quantite  d'illes;    it  cpie  au  liout  d'iceluy  lean  y 
eft  faluhre  &  I'hyuer  doux.      A  la  fin  dulit  lac, 
ils  ijaflent  vn  faidt  (|ui  eft  (piehpie  peu  eleuc.ou  Umiiuto 
il    y    a    peu    d'eJtu,    h-upielle    defcend.        La,     lis  N'„^„ru 
portent  leurs  caiiots  par  terrc  enuiron  vr  quart 
de    lieiie    pour    palTer    cc    fault;     de    l?i    cntreit 
dans    vn    autre    lac    «|ui     pent     tcnir    (piehptes  KciutUric 
foixante  lieuc.s  de  long,  &   (pic   I'eau  en  tft  fort 
falubre.       Eftarit    a     la    fin    ils    viennent    a    vn 
deftroio^   (|ui  contient  deux   lieues  de    larj.je.   &  hnrivUr.- 
va  alfez  auant  dans  les  tcrres.     (Ju'ils  n'i  uoient  ''"  ^''"^"'^ 
point  palVc   plus   outre,  &    n'auoient   veu    la   (in 
d'vn  lac  (pii  eft   a  quehpies  (piinzc  ou  fcizc  lieues  i.i- Wu- 
d'ou  ils  font  eftc,  iiy  (|uc  ccux  (|ui   leur  auoicMt  ""■■"" 
di<5l  euflent   veu  hoinine  (jui  Ic  I'cuft    veu.  " 

Translation  of  the  two  (piotations  above,  l)oth  being  ihc 
same,  from  Publications  of  the  Prince  Society,  Chaniplain's 
Voyages,  Boston,  Vol.  I.,  page  271. 

"Then  they    come    to    a    lake    fome    dghtv 
leagues  long,  with   a  great   many   illands;    the  i-ake 


water  at  its  extremity  being  frefh  and  the  winter 
mild.      At  the  end  of  this  lake  they  pafs  a  fall, 


(Jntariu 


I'uIIk 


NliiKiirn 
Kalhi 


Niiifciirit  fomi-whiit  hiji{h  ami  with  hut  little  wntcrflt)winj{ 
over.  HiTf  thfy  carry  their  canocH  overland 
about  a    ((uarti-r   of  a   league,  in   order   to  pafn 

i,nke  HrJc  the  fall,  afterwanlH  enterinj{  another  lake  f(»me 
fixty  lea>rneH  lon^,  and  eontaininf^r  very  )>ood 
water.  Ilavin){  reached  the  end,  they  come  to 
n  ftrait  two  lea^aeM  hroad  and  extending  a 
confiderahle  diftance  int(»  the  interior.  They 
faid  they  had  never  ji>;one  any  farther,  nor  fcen 
the  end  of  a  lake  fonie  fifteen  (»r  fixteen  leaKueii 
diftant  from  where  they  had  been,  and  that 
thofe  relating  this  to  them  had  not  feen  any 
(me  wh(»  had  feen  it." 


Detroit 
HIvrr 


l.iikr 
llnrim 


Ol'OTA- 
TION  Nil.  2 


UcHcarbot  in  Chapter  XXI. ,  on  page  3H1,  in  narrating  "what 
tw«j  or  three  Algontpiins  related"  says: 


NMayiira 

I'allN 


Lmc. 


klvivrr 
lien  Al- 
Utiume- 
ijuttin  vers 
fe  Sort . 


klviere 
vetiiint 
den  Iru- 
qunlH. 

Sunt. 

(iruiid 
Ihc  <*  In- 

aai. 


"  I'uis  viennent  dedans  vn  lac  (|ui  contient 
(|uelc|ues  cent  cin(|uante  lieui's  de  long,  & 
quel(|ueM  (piatre  ou  cin(|  lieucs  a  I'entree  dudit 
lac,  il  y  a  vne  riviere  (jui  va  aux  Alffounicqiiins 
vers  le  Nort :  Ivt  vne  autre  (|ui  va  aux  Jniqtiois, 
par  oil  lefdits  Atfr(nimt'(/tiins  <t  Inxjuois  fe  font 
la  guerre  Ht  vn  peu  plus  haut  :\  la  bede  du 
Su  dudit  lac,  il  y  a  vne  autre  riviere  (|ui  va  an 
JrtKfitois :  puis  venant  a  la  fin  dudit  lac,  ilr 
rencontrent  vn  autre  faut  ou,  ilz  p<»rtent  leurs 
canots:  de  la  ils  entrent  dedans  vn  autre 
tres-grand  lac,  <|ui  pent  contenir  autant  comme 
le  premier.  Ilz  n'ont  efte  (jue  fort  peu  das  ce 
dernier,  &  (mt  ouy  dire  i\u'h  la  fin  dudit  lac  il 
y  a  vne  mer,  dot  ilz  n'ot  veu  la  fin,  ne  ouy  dire 
qu'aucun  I'ait  veue.  Mais  que  Ift  ou  ils  ont 
efte,  I'cau  n'eft  point  mauvaife,  d'autat  qu'ilz 
n'ont  point  avance  plus  haut,  &  que  le  cours 
de  I'eau  vient  du  cote  du  Solcil  couchant  venant 
h  I'Orient,  &  ne  f^avent  fi  pafle  ledit  lac  qu'ils 
ont  veu,  il  y  a  autre  cours  d'eau  qui  aille  du 
c6te  de  I'Occident:  que  le  Soleil  fe  ctiuche  h. 
main  droite  dudit  lac,  qui  eft  felon  men 
iugement  au  Noroiieft  ,  peu  plus  ou  moins,  & 
qu'au  premier  lac  I'eau  ne  gele  point,  ce  qui  fait 
iuger  que  le  temps  y  eft  tempere." 


•IvWre 


1. 11  rtvi^rr 


N<t\v  compari'  with  tin-  hImivc  Ch(im|(lain'H  "  Och  Sjinvn^c**" 
in  Cliaptvr  I\.,  Vnl.  II.,  pa^i-H  4ri  and  M\,  where  he  narrati'H 
what  "two  <»r  three  AlK<>n(|uinN  t(»hl  him." 

'  I'uiM  viennent  (le(hinH  vn  hic  (|ni  ectntieiit 
(|uel(|ne  cent  cin(|uante  lieue>«  de  lonjt;:  ^^  i|ueh|neii  ^a  rivi/rr 
<|nalre  <»n  ein(|  lieni'H  h  I'enlree  <ln<lict  lac,  il  y  iinu^dr 
a  vne  rinicre  qni  va  anx  AI){<iume(|iiinM  vers  ie 
Nort.  Hi  vne  autre  (|iii  va  anx  Irocoin;  par  oii 
lef(li<5l  Al)j<)nnu't|nins  Si.  Irocois  I'e  font  la 
(jiierre.  I-^t  vn  pen  plus  hant  h  la  hande  du 
Su  dudict  lac,  il  y  a  vne  antre  riuiere  cpii  vn 
anx  Irocois;  puis  venant  a  la  (in  dudict  I 
Wh  rencontrent  vn  autre  fault,  oil  iln  porteat 
leufH  'Pnctii;  <lelft  ilH  entrent  dedann  vn  autre 
tr^'S  );<[ran(i  lac,  (|ui  pent  contenii  autnnt  comnie 
'"  i»reinier.  lis  n'y  «)nt  efte  que  fort  pen  daii8 
ce  dernier,  &  ont  ouy  dire  (|u'A  la  fin  dudict 
lac,  il  y  a  vne  mer  dont  ils  n'ont  veu  la  fin,  no 
ouy  dire  (pi'aucun  I'aye  veu ;  niais  que  la  «)U  ilH 
ont  efte,  I'eau  n'ell  ()oint  niauuaile,  d'antant 
({u'IIh  n'or.t  point  aduancc  |)lus  haui;  &  que  Ie 
C(»urs  de  I'e/iu  vient  du  coftc  du  foleil  couchant 
venant  a  I'Orient.  M:  ne  fvanent  fi  paffe  Ie  dit» 
lacs  (|M'ils  ont  veu  il  y  n  autre  cours  d'eau  (pii 
aille  du  coftc  de  I'fk'cident;  que  Ie  foleil  fe 
couche  a  main  droite  dudict  lac,  (|ui  eft,  felon 
mon  iugement.  an  Noroucft  pen  plus  ou  moins; 
rJt  (|u'au  premier  lac  I'eau  ne  jjelle  point,  ce  (pii 
me  fait  iuger  (pu*  Ie  temps  y  eft  tempere. 

Translation  of  the  two  (piotations  al)ove,  both  beinj;  the 
same,  from  I'uhlications  of  the  Prince  Society,  Chanijilain's 
Voyages,  Boston,  Vol.  I.,  pa^e  274. 

"Then  they  enter  i\  lake  fome  hundred   and 
fifty    IcagJics  in   length,   and   fome  four  or   five  ^j^^ 
leagues  from  the  entrance  of  this  lake  there  is  Kivcr-iikr 
a  river  extending  northward  to  the  Algonquins.  yllint'c 
and  another  towards  the   Iroquois    where  the  ofwtK" 
faid   Algonquins  and    the    Iroquois    make    war 
upon  each  other.     And  a  little  farther  along,  on 
the   fouth  fhore  of  this  lake,  there  is  another  The 

,.  Ill  •  •  Oenef«e 

river,  extending    towards    the    Iroquois;    then,  Kivrr 


N     unrii 
I'lillt 


NiUKuru 
PaIN 


The  Indi- 
ann  culled 
Lake 
Huron 
"  Mer 
donee" 


after 
which 
they  come 
to  Nin- 
Karu  HuIIn 


We  can 
euflly  re- 
cof^izc 
I.nkc  On- 
tario, 
Lake  Brie 
anil  Nia- 
Karn  Falls 
although 
this  ac- 
count in 
excccd- 
inKly 
conmfed 
and  in- 
accurate 


arriving  at  the  end  of  this  lake,  they  come  to 
another  fall,  where  they  carry  their  canoes; 
beyond  this,  they  enter  another  very  large  lake 
as  long,  |)erha])s,  as  the  Hrft.  The  latter  they 
have  vifited  hut  very  little,  they  faid,  and  have 
heard  that,  at  the  end  of  it,  there  is  a  fea  of 
which  they  have  not  feen  the  end,  nor  heard 
that  any  one  has,  but  that  the  water  at 
the  point  to  whith  they  have  gone  is  not 
fait,  but  that  they  are  not  able  to  judge  of  the 
water  bevond,  fince  thev  have  not  advanced 
any  farther;  that  the  courfe  of  the  water  is 
from  the  weft  towards  the  eaft,  and  that  they 
do  not  know  whether,  beyond  the  lakes  they 
have  feen,  there  is  another  watercourfe  towards 
the  weft;  that  the  fun  fets  on  the  right  of  this 
lake;  that  is,  in  my  judgment,  north  weft  more 
or  Icfs;  and  that,  at  the  firft  lake  the  water 
never  freezes,  which  leads  me  to  conclude  that 
the  weather  there  is  moderate." 


QUOTA- 
TI<»N  No.  3 


.    I 


Niagara 

Falls 


Lescarbot  in  Chapter  XXI.  page  383,  in  narrating  "what  a 
young  Algonquin  who  has  voyaged  much  on  this  great  lake" 
related,  says: 


Orntifi- 
fime  lac 
de  trola 
cets  Heiies 


Siiut 


Kiiiere 
lies  Al- 
goumc- 
quina  an 
grand 
Ihc 


"  De  la  ils  entrent  dedans  vn  grandiflinc  lac, 
qui  pent  contenir  quelques  trois  cets  lieues  de 
long.  Avan<;ant  quelques  cent  lieues  dedans 
ledict  lac,  ils  rencontrent  vne  ile  qui  eft  fort 
grande,  ou  au  deljl  de  ladicle  ile,  I'eau  eft 
falubre;  mais  que  pafsat  quelques  cets  lieues 
plus  auant,  I'eau  eft  encore  plus  mauvaife: 
Arrivant  a  la  fin  dudit  lac,  I'eau  eft  du  tout 
ialee:  Qu'il  y  a  vn  faut  qui  peut  contenir  vne 
lieiie  de  large,  d'ou  il  defcend  vn  grandiffime 
courant  d'eau  dans  ledit  lac.  Que  pnffe  cc  faut, 
on  ne  voit  plus  de  terre,  ny  d'vn  cote  ne 
d'autre,  fino  vne  mer  fi  grade  qu'ils  n'en  ont 
point  veu  la  fin,  ni  ouT  dire  qu'aucun  I'ait  veue: 
Que  Ic  Soleil  fe  couche  a  main  droite  dudit  lac, 
&  qu'a  fon  entree  il  y  a  vne  riviere  qui  va  aux 
Algouwcquins  &  I'autre  aux  Jroifuois,  par  ou 
ilz  fe  font  la  guerre." 


10 


Now  compare  what  Chainplain  in  "  Des  Sauvagcs,"  Chapter 
IX.,  Vol.  II.,  page  47,  narrating  "what  a  young  Algonquin  who 
had  voyaged  far  on  this  great  lake"  told  him,  says: 

"  Dela  ils  entrent  dedans  vn  grandiflfime  lac 
qui  pent  contenir  (iue)(|ues  trois  cents  lieues  de 
hjng.  Aduanvant  quelque  cent  lieues  dedans 
ledicl  lac.  ils  rencontrent  vne  ifle,  qui  eft  fort 
grande, on,  audela  de  ladifte  ille,  I'eau  eft  falubre ; 
mais  (|ue  paffant  quelques  cent  lieues  plus  auant.  MaiKr^^  Us 
I'eau  eft  encore  plus  mauuaife  ;   arriuant  a  la  fin  l""'"^^*'' 


dudic^  lac.  I'eau  eft  du  tout  falee. 


jfS  (|U1 

yu'il  y  a  vn  P"-<'if'Hnt, 
fault  qui  peut  contenir  vne  lieue  de  large,  d'  ou  il  s'cmpdch'cr 
defcend  vn  grandiffime  courant  d'eau  dans  le  di(ft  n!iure"i?i 
lac;  que  paffe  ce  fault,  on  ne  voit  plus  de  terre  nv  •">hntc(ic 
d'vn  cofte.  ne  d'autre,  Anon  vne  mer  fi  grnnde     '"*""''* 
qu'ils  n'en  n'ont  point  veu   la   fin,   ny   ouy   dire 
(|u'aucun   I'aye  veu.      Que  le  foleil   fe  coilche  a 
main  droite  dudic^  lac,  it  qu'a  fon  entree  il  y  a 
vne  riuiere  qui  va  aux  Algoumequins,  &  I'autre 
aux  Irocois,  par  ou  ils  fe  font  la  guerre." 

Translation  of  the  two  above  quotations,  both  being  the 
same,  from  Publications  of  the  Prince  Society,  Champlain's 
Voyages,  Boston,  Vol.  I.  page  275  and  276. 

"  After  this,  they  enter  a  very  large  lake,  fome 
three  hundred  leagues  in  length.  Proceeding 
fome  hundred  leagues  in  this  lake,  they  come  to 
a  very  large  ifland,  beyond  which  the  water  is 
good;  but  that,  upon  going  fome  hundred 
leagues  farther,  the  water  has  become  fomcwhat 
bad,  and.  upon  reaching  the  end  of  the  lake  it 
is  perfeaiy  fait.  That  there  is  a  fall  about  a 
league  wide,  where  a  very  large  mafs  of  water 
falls  into  faid  lake;  that,  when  this  fall  is 
paffed.  one  fees  no  more  land  on  either  fide,  but 
only  a  fea  fo  large  that  they  have  never  feen 
the  end  of  it,  nor  heard  that  any  one  has; 
that  the  fun  fcts  on  the  right  of  this  lake,  at 
the  entrance  to  which  there  is  a  river  extending 
towards  the  Algonquins,  and  another  towards 
the  Iroquois,  by  way  of  which  they  go 
to  war." 


Ninffnrn 
FallB 


Niagara 
Falls 


"Mer 
douce"  or 
Lake 
Huron 


11 


TrnriHlii- 
tiori  iinil 
Italics 
mini- 


The  Reo- 
Kraphicul 
descrip- 
tion is,  not 
unnatur- 
ally. 

vai^e  and 
confused 

Tross' 
reprint, 
1863. 
page  34. 

Transla- 
tion mine 

Probably 

Lake 

Superior 


Transla- 
tion mine 


Lastly  Lescarbot,  on  page  88.5,  in  Chapter  XXII.,  and  near 
the  beginning  thereof,  after  having  quoted  the  entire  preceding 
three  chapters  of  his  own  book  from  Chaniplain.  says: 

"  We  shall  now  relate  what  the  said  Captain 
Cartier  tells  generally  of  the  wonders  of  this 
great  river  of  Canachi,  also  of  the  river 
Saguenay  and  of  the  river  of  the  Irotpiois,  in 
oriier  to  compare  his  nccount  with  thiit  which 
the  said  Champhiin  wrote,  from  which  wc  have 
(/noted  the  foregoing  accounts."  [les  paroles 
ci-dessiis.] 

Chatnplain  never  saw  Niagara  or  he  wonld  not  have  quoted 
such  erroneous  descriptions  of  it  as  the  Indians  related  to  him, 
without  adding  where,  according  to  his  own  observation,  these 
were  inaccurate.  The  unequivocal  statement  of  Lescarbot  just 
before  he  commences  to  (piote  Chanipl.iin,  that  he  is  going  to  do 
so,  and  his  open  statement  of  his  having  d(me  so,  just  after  the 
long  quotation,  cover  and  settle  this  whole  (juestion.  If 
anything  in  the  way  of  circumstantial  proof  were  needed  on  this 
special  point,  the  almost  absolute  identity  of  Lescarbot's 
descriptions  of  Niagara  and  our  Lake  Region,  in  1609,  with  those 
of  Champlain,  which  first  appeared  in  1604,  furnishes  it. 

Cartier  may  have  heard  of  the  "grand  saut"  or  Niagara 
from  the  Indians  in  15H.5,  but  it  is  absolutely  unlikely  that  he 
dill  so,  for  in  his  account  of  that  voyage,  published  in  1545,  he 
makes  no  reference,  nor  even  a  suggestion  of  one,  to  it ;  yet 
he  does  refer  very  briefly  to  the  great  lakes. 

This  is  the  earliest  known  reference  to  our  Lake  Region, 
where  Cartier,  relating  "what  Donnacona  and  others  told 
him,"  says: 

"And  beyond  the  said  Saguenay,  runs  the 
above  mentioned  river,  passing  through  two 
or  three  vast  lakes,  beyond  which  there  is  a 
sea  of  fresh  water,  but  no  (me  had  ever  been 
heard  of  who  had  seen  the  end  thereof." 

Lescarbot  also  gives  the  above  on  page  391  of  his  work  and 
adds  the  note  "Compare  what  Sieur  Chaplein  says  above, 
Chapters  8  and  9." 


13 


By  the  way,  this  work  of  Cartier's,  of  which  the  title  is 
quoted  on  page  5  of  this  pamphlet,  was  the  first  printed  book 
relating  solely  to  Canada;  so  in  it  he  evidently  meant  to  tell 
everything  he  knew,  and  everything  he  had  heard,  about  that 
country,  of  which  he  was  the  first  explorer. 

Champlain  did  hear  of  "  vn  sault,  entre  deux  lacs,"  or 
Niagara,  and  gives  not  only  one  but  three  different  accounts 
of  it  that  he  heard,  in  1603,  from  the  Indians;  and  the  passages 
from  Champlain's  "  Des  Sau\ages"  above  quoted  are,  in  point  of 
time,  the  second,  but  as  regards  details,  the  earliest  known 
accounts  of  our  great  Lake  Region ;  making  that  book  almost 
as  valuable  historically  as  it  is  rare  commercially. 

And  so:  from  the  brave  and  adventurous  Carticr,  to  whom 
it  has  been  erroneously  accorded,  we  must  wrest  the  honor  of 
being  the  first  man  in  literature  to  refer  to  Niagara  Falls ;  and 
we  must  award  it,  nearly  70  years  after  Cartier's  book  appeared, 
to  the  subsequent  Founder  of  Quebec  and  the  First  Governor  of 
New  France,— the  man  who  is  by  far  the  most  picturesque  figure 
in  all  Canadian  History— Samuel  de  Champlain. 


-^.^^irx- 


18 


IN  THIS  PAMPHLET: 
The  notes  in  the  line  outside  of  the  body  of  the 
type  are  by  the  Author  hereof.  The  notes  In 
the  line  inside  of  the  body  of  the  type,  and 
alongside  the  quotations,  ate  by  the  author 
quoted. 


Of  this  edition  160  were  printed 


in 


